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Cómo hackear una elección

Andrés Sepúlveda afirma haber alterado campañas electorales durante ocho años dentro de Latinoamérica.

PARTE 3

Según Sepúlveda, recibía su sueldo en efectivo, la mitad por adelantado. Cuando viajaba empleaba un pasaporte falso y se hospedaba solo en un hotel, lejos de los miembros de la campaña. Nadie podía ingresar a su habitación con un teléfono inteligente o cámara fotográfica.

La mayoría de los trabajos eran acordados en persona. Rendón entregaba a Sepúlveda una hoja con nombres de objetivos, correos electrónicos y teléfonos. Sepúlveda llevaba la hoja a su hotel, ingresaba los datos en un archive encriptado y luego quemaba el papel o lo tiraba por el excusado. Si Rendón necesitaba enviar un correo electrónico, empleaba lenguaje codificado. “Dar caricias” significaba atacar; “escuchar música” significaba interceptar las llamadas telefónicas de un objetivo.

Rendón y Sepúlveda procuraron no ser vistos juntos. Se comunicaban a través de teléfonos encriptados que reemplazaban cada dos meses. Sepúlveda señala que enviaba informes de avance diarios y reportes de inteligencia desde cuentas de correo electrónico desechable a un intermediario en la firma de consultoría de Rendón.

Cada trabajo culminaba con una secuencia de destrucción específica, codificada por colores. El día de las elecciones, Sepúlveda destruía todos los datos clasificados como “rojos”. Aquellos eran archivos que podían enviarlo a prisión a él y a quienes hubiesen estado en contacto con ellos: llamadas telefónicos y correos electrónicos interceptados, listas de víctimas de piratería informática e informes confidenciales que preparaba para las campañas. Todos los teléfonos, discos duros, memorias USB y servidores informáticos eran destruidos físicamente. Información "amarilla" menos sensible - agendas de viaje, planillas salariales, planes de recaudación de fondos - se guardaban en un dispositivo de memoria encriptado que se le entregaba a las campañas para una revisión final. Una semana después, también sería destruido.

Para la mayoría de los trabajos Sepúlveda reunía a un equipo y operaba desde casas y departamentos alquilados en Bogotá. Tenía un grupo de 7 a 15 hackers que iban rotando y que provenían de distintas partes de Latinoamérica, aprovechando las diferentes especialidades de la región. En su opinión, lo brasileños desarrollan el mejor malware. Los venezolanos y ecuatorianos son expertos en escanear sistemas y software para detectar vulnerabilidades. Los argentinos son artistas cuando se trata de interceptar teléfonos celulares. Los mexicanos son en su mayoría hackers expertos pero hablan demasiado. Sepúlveda sólo acudía a ellos en emergencias.

Estos trabajos demoraban desde un par de días a varios meses. En Honduras, Sepúlveda defendió el sistema computacional y comunicacional del candidato presidencial Porfirio Lobo Sosa de hackers empleados por sus opositores. En Guatemala, interceptó digitalmente datos de seis personajes del ámbito de la política y los negocios y dice que entregó la información a Rendón en memorias USB encriptadas que dejaba en puntos de entrega secretos. (Sepúlveda dice que este fue un trabajo pequeño para un cliente de Rendón ligado al derechista Partido de Avanzada Nacional (PAN). El PAN señala que nunca contrato a Rendón y dice no estar al tanto de ninguna de las actividades que relata Sepúlveda). En Nicaragua en 2011, Sepúlveda atacó a Ortega, quien se presentaba a su tercer período presidencial. En una de las pocas ocasiones en las que trabajó para otro cliente y no para Rendón, infiltró la cuenta de correo electrónico de Rosario Murillo, esposa de Ortega y principal vocera de comunicación del gobierno, y robó un caudal de secretos personales y gubernamentales.

En Venezuela en 2012, impulsado por su aversión a Chávez, el equipo dejó de lado su precaución habitual. Durante la campaña de Chávez para postular a un cuarto período presidencial, Sepúlveda publicó un video de YouTube anónimo en el que hurgaba en el correo electrónico de una de las personas más poderosas de Venezuela, Diosdado Cabello, en ese entonces presidente de la Asamblea Nacional. También salió de su estrecho círculo de hackers de confianza y movilizó a Anonymous, el grupo de hackers activistas, para atacar el sitio web de Chávez.

Tras el ataque de Sepúlveda a la cuenta de Twitter de Cabello, Rendón lo habría felicitado. “Eres noticia :)” escribió en un correo electrónico el 9 de septiembre de 2012 adjunto un enlace a una historia sobre la falla de seguridad. Sepúlveda proporcionó pantallazos de decenas de correos electrónicos y varios de los correos originales escritos en jerga hacker (“Owned!”, decía un correo, haciendo referencia al hecho de haber comprometido la seguridad de un sistema), que muestran que durante noviembre de 2011 y septiembre de 2012 Sepúlveda envió largas listas de sitios gubernamentales que había infiltrado para varias campañas a un alto miembro de la empresa de asesoría de Rendón. Dos semanas antes de la elección presidencial en Venezuela, Sepúlveda envió pantallazos mostrando cómo había infiltrado el sitio web de Chávez y cómo podía activarlo y desactivarlo a voluntad.

Chávez ganó las elecciones pero murió de cáncer cinco meses después, lo que llevó a realizar una elección extraordinaria en la que Nicolás Maduro fue electo presidente. Un día antes que Maduro proclamara su victoria, Sepúlveda hackeó su cuenta de Twitter y publicó denuncias de fraude electoral. El gobierno Venezolano culpó a “hackeos conspiradores del exterior” y deshabilitó internet en todo el país durante 20 minutos.

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