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O Manifesto “Chamada derradeira”

Isto é mais do que uma crise económica e de regimem: é uma crise da civilização

Los ciudadanos y ciudadanas europeos, en su gran mayoría, asumen la idea de que la sociedad de consumo actual puede “mejorar” hacia el futuro (y que debería hacerlo). Mientras tanto, buena parte de los habitantes del planeta esperan ir acercándose a nuestros niveles de bienestar material. Sin embargo, el nivel de producción y consumo se ha conseguido a costa de agotar los recursos naturales y energéticos, y romper los equilibrios ecológicos de la Tierra.

As cidadãs europeias, na sua maior parte, assumem a ideia da sociedade de consumo actual poder melhorar de cara ao futuro (e mesmo deveria fazer). Ao tempo, boa parte das habitantes do planeta aguardam se achegar aos nossos níveis de bem-estar material. Porém, o nível de produção e consumo foi alcançado a costa de esgotar os recursos naturais e energéticos, e de rachar com os equilíbrios ecológicos da Terra.

Nada de tudo isto é novo. As investigadoras e cientistas mais lúcidas levam indicando sinais de alarma desde começos dos anos 70 do século XX: de continuarmos com as tendências de crescimento vigorantes (económico, demográfico, utilização de recursos, produção de contaminação e incremento de desigualdades) o resultado mais provável para o século XXI é o colapso civilizacional.

Hoje há montes de notícias que indicam que a via do crescimento é já um genocídio em câmara lenta. A decadência na disponibilidade de energia barata, os cenários catastróficos da mudança climática e as tensões geopolíticas pelos recursos mostram que as tendências de progresso do passado estão a se quebrar.

Frente a este desafio não basta com os mantras cosméticos do desenvolvimento sustentável, nem as apostas tecnológicas eco-eficientes, nem uma “economia verde” que encobre a mercantilização generalizada de bens naturais e serviços eco-sistémicos. As soluções tecnológicas, tanto à crise ambiental como ao declinar energético, são insuficientes. Ademais, a crise ecológica não é um tema parcial mais determinante de todos os aspectos da sociedade: alimentação, transporte, industria, urbanização, conflitos bélicos… Do que se trata, é, em definitiva, da base da nossa economia e nossas vidas.

Tornamo-nos cativos da dinâmica perversa duma civilização que apenas funciona crescendo, mas crescer implica destruir as bases naturais que a sustentam. Nossa cultura, tecnólatra e mercadólatra, esquece que somos, de raiz, dependentes dos ecossistemas e interdependentes com eles.

A sociedade produtivista e consumista não pode ser sustentada pelo planeta. Necessitamos construir uma nova civilização capaz de garantir uma vida digna a uma enorme população humana (hoje com mais de 7.200 milhões de pessoas) ainda em aumento, que habita um mundo de recursos minguantes. Para isso vão ser necessárias mudanças radicais nos modos de vida, as formas de produção, o desenho das cidades e a organização territorial, e antes de nada, os valores que guiam todo o anterior. Necessitamos uma sociedade que tenha como objectivo recuperar o equilíbrio com a biosfera, e utilize a investigação, a tecnologia, a cultura, a economia e a politica para avançar cara esse fim. Necessitaremos para isso toda a imaginação política, generosidade moral e criatividade técnica que consigamos desenvolver.

Mas esta Grande Transformação acha dois obstáculos titânicos: a inércia do modo de vida capitalista e os interesses dos grupos privilegiados. Para evitar o caos e a barbárie à que hoje nos encaminhamos, necessitamos duma ruptura política profunda com a hegemonia vigente, e uma economia que tenha como fim a satisfação das necessidades sociais dentro dos limites que impõe a biosfera, e não o crescimento do benefício privado.

Por sorte, cada vez mais gente reage diante dos intentos das elites de lhes fazer pagar pelos seus erros. Hoje, no estado espanhol, o despertar de dignidade e democracia que implicou o 15 M (desde a primavera de 2011) está a dar lugar a um processo constituinte que abra possibilidades para outras formas de organização social.

Porém, é fundamental que os projectos alternativos tomem consciência das implicações dos limites do crescimento e tracem propostas de mudança muito mais audaciosas. A crise do regime e a crise económica só poderão ser superadas levando em conta simultaneamente a crise ecológica. Neste sentido, não são suficientes políticas que recuperem as receitas do capitalismo keynesiano. Estas políticas levaram-nos, nas décadas seguintes à II Guerra Mundial, a um ciclo de expansão que nos colocou no limiar dos limites do planeta. Um novo ciclo de expansão é inviável: não há base material, nem espaço ecológico e recursos que pudessem sustenta-lo.

O século XXI será o século mais decisivo da história da humanidade. Vai supor uma grande prova para todas as culturas e sociedades, e para a espécie em conjunto. Uma prova onde será decidida a nossa continuidade na Terra, e a possibilidade de chamar de “humana” à vida que sejamos capazes de organizar após ela. Temos diante de nós o repto duma transformação de calibre análogo ao dos grandes acontecimentos históricos, como a revolução neolítica ou a revolução industrial.

Atenção: a janela das oportunidades está a se fechar. É certo que há muitos movimentos de resistência arredor do mundo em pró da justiça ambiental (a organização global Witness tem registado quase mil activistas ambientais mortos só nos últimos dez anos, nas suas lutas contra projectos mineiros ou petroleiros, defendendo suas terras e águas). Mas, com muito, temos apenas um lustro para assentar um debate amplo e transversal sobre os limites do crescimento, e para construir democraticamente alternativas ecológicas e energéticas que sejam à vez rigorosas e viáveis. Deveríamos ser capazes de ganhar grandes maiorias para uma mudança de modelo económico, energético, social e cultural. Além de combatermos as injustiças originadas pelo exercício da dominação e a acumulação de riqueza, falamos dum modelo que deve assumir a realidade, fazer as pazes com a natureza e possibilitar prosperidade dentro dos limites ecológicos da Terra.

Uma civilização finda, e temos de construir uma outra nova. As consequências de não fazermos nada –ou mesmo fazermos pouco- levam-nos directamente ao colapso social, económico e ecológico. Mas de começarmos hoje, ainda podemos ser as protagonistas duma sociedade solidária, democrática e em paz com o planeta.

Em diversos lugares da península e, Baleares, Canárias, Ceuta e Melilha, no verão de 2014

Tradução de Maria Castelo & J. Ramom Flores d’as Seixas de Véspera de Nada

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