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Varoufakis: «Leur seul objectif était de nous humilier»

Récit de l’ex-ministre des finances grec

Pendant six mois, seule contre tous, la Grèce a été clouée au pilori par ses partenaires lors de réunions innombrables et interminables. L’Union européenne a dévoilé à cette occasion un visage intraitable, vindicatif, qui a parfois surpris. Ministre grec des finances pendant ces affrontements entre Bruxelles, Berlin et Athènes, M. Yanis Varoufakis revient sur les divers épisodes de la guerre d’usure qu’il a vécue.

En 2010, l’Etat grec a perdu la capacité d’assurer le service de sa dette. En d’autres termes, il est devenu insolvable et s’est vu privé d’accès aux marchés de capitaux.

Soucieuse d’éviter le défaut de banques françaises et allemandes déjà fragiles, qui avaient prêté des milliards à des gouvernements grecs aussi irresponsables qu’elles, l’Europe a décidé d’accorder à Athènes le plus important plan d’aide de l’histoire. A une condition : que le pays procède à une consolidation budgétaire (phénomène plus connu sous le nom d’austérité) d’une ampleur jamais imaginée auparavant. Sans surprise, l’opération a provoqué une chute du revenu national sans précédent depuis la Grande Dépression. C’est ainsi que s’est enclenché un cercle vicieux : la déflation. conséquence directe de l’austérité, a alourdi le fardeau de la dette et propulsé l’hypothèse de son remboursement dans le domaine du chimérique, ouvrant la voie à une crise humanitaire majeure.

Pendant cinq ans, la « troïka » des créanciers —le Fonds monétaire international (FMI), la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) et la Commission européenne représentant les Etats membres qui avaient prêté à Athènes— s’est entêtée dans cette impasse, pour laquelle les spécialistes de la finance ont un nom : extend and pretend, ou stratégie du « comme si ». Cela consiste à prêter toujours davantage à un débiteur insolvable comme s’il ne l’était pas, afin de ne pas avoir à enregistrer des pertes sur ses titres. Plus les créanciers s’obstinaient, plus la Grèce s’enfonçait dans la crise économique et sociale, et moins elle devenait réformable. Pendant ce temps, les pertes potentielles des créditeurs gonflaient et gonflaient encore.

C’est la raison pour laquelle notre parti, Syriza, a remporté les élections législatives de janvier dernier. Si la population avait été convaincue que la Grèce se redressait, nous n’aurions pas été élus.

Notre mandat était clair : en finir avec la stratégie du « comme si » et avec l’austérité qui l’accompagne, un cocktail qui avait déjà fait mordre la poussière au secteur privé grec ; (...)

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