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Grande braderie en Grèce

Le revolver sur la tempe, Athènes a capitulé devant les exigences de ses «partenaires» européens en juillet 2015. Les décisions budgétaires et fiscales du pays sont désormais soumises à leur accord préalable. Et le programme de privatisations imposé à la Grèce orchestre le plus important transfert de propriétés jamais opéré dans un pays de l’Union européenne.

Niels Kadritzke

Une étude du Transnational Institute (TNI) sur l’industrie de la privatisation en Europe. publiée en février 2016, parvient à la conclusion qu’il « n’existe aucune preuve démontrant que les entreprises privatisées fournissent un service plus efficace ». En revanche, la vague de privatisations a fait chuter les salaires, dégradé les conditions de travail et accru les inégalités de revenus.

À cet égard, la Grèce constitue un cas d’école. À cause de la crise provoquée par son endettement, le pays s’est vu contraint par ses créanciers de vendre au plus offrant le plus grand nombre possible de ses entreprises publiques ou para-publiques, dans le seul objectif d’honorer ses remboursements. Cette mise à l’encan des biens de la collectivité est l’un des aspects les plus absurdes des « plans de sauvetage » imposés depuis 2010 par la « troïka », qui ont précipité l’économie grecque dans une interminable récession. Exiger d’un État en crise qu’il privatise ses sociétés l’amène nécessairement à les brader, observent les auteurs de l’étude. La privatisation réunit tous les critères d’un abus de confiance.

Ce constat s’impose indépendamment de l’idée que l’on se fait des avantages ou des inconvénients d’un secteur public. En Grèce, ce dernier souffrait de dysfonctionnements incontestables, dont les adeptes de la privatisation n’ont pas manqué de tirer argument. Certaines entreprises d’État ne délivraient aucun bien ou service indispensable à la population (tel que l’électricité ou les transports en commun), mais avaient pour vocation essentielle de pourvoir les partisans de tel ou tel gouvernement en emplois bien rémunérés, protégés et peu fatigants — aux frais du client et du contribuable. Cela explique pourquoi leur mise sur le marché n’a pas suscité que du mécontentement.

Pour évaluer, d’un point de vue libéral, le bien-fondé d’une privatisation, les dirigeants doivent répondre à trois questions. Le prix est-il proportionnel aux revenus dont l’État se prive en vendant son bien ?

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